Prehistory and History

Hallo children! Do you remember the diference between Prehistory and History?
Right, now we are going to review some ideas of Prehistory !!👇

THE WATER CYCLE

RIGHT SUPER HEROS: THIS IS THE WATER CYCLE☝...AND IT IS FOR YOU, YES: FOR YOU!!

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Well, children, do you remember this? The diference between weather and climate?
Weathe r= in some days / Climate= along the year, e.g. cold winters + hot summers always.
According to these ideas, do these exercises☝👇....because : yes, you can and you know it!!

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Answers to Social review test

Children, these are the anwers to your reviewing Social test. Correct it and remember this in formation because it is universal cultura everywhere👇 !!

What is ROMANISATION? Explain it with your words

  It is the process by which some people and countries adapted to roman customs and culture, e.g. roman language, roman laws, roman buildings.

2. Name some important contributions of Romans to civilization, not only to Spain but to everyone, for example: nowadays, the United States contribute with their electronic devices for computers to all the world, now think about the contribution of the Romans.

 The most important  contribution of romans were: the latin language, the buildings and architectural structures for cities and military organization, the communication roads, the systems to measure quantities.

3. Can  you explain the diference between a republic and a reign/empire ?

In a republic, people elect their government. In a reign or empire the governor is not elected, it is compulsory (there is an obligation) to accept him when he comes. 

4. What was the procedure (phases) of the romans to conquer Hispania, who

did they fight against?

There were three phases: the first happened when the romans conquered all the carthaginian territories. 
The second phase was  the fight against lusitanians and celtiberians.
The third phase  was the most  difficult for the romans because they fought in  mountaineous grounds to conquer the north of the Iberinan Peninsula.

5. Explain the concept of  romance language ( it is different to romantic ideas…)

 A roman language is a language coming from Latin because Latin is the basis of that roman language and latin comes from Romans so they say "romance" language, e.g. spanish, french, portuguese.

Social science review

Hallo again, children!

Now we are going to finish this unit 6 of Social science. And it is good for  you to have a review...Let us begin! You can read the book, yes, to answer the questions...but do it right✌

1. What is ROMANISATION? Explain it with your words

 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 

2. Name some important contributions of Romans to civilization, not only to Spain but to everyone, for example: nowadays, the United States contribute with their electronic devices for computers to all the world, now think about the contribution of the Romans.

 ................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 

3. Can  you explain the diference between a republic and a reign/empire ?

 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

4. What was the procedure (phases) of the romans to conquer Hispania, who

did they fight against?

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Explain the concept of  romance language ( it is different to romantic ideas…)

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Social Science review

1. Read the descriptions and write the correct terms. (You can read the book to answer !  )




 
a) Modern languages which are based on Latin. …..romance languages


b) Process by which people began to adopt Roman customs and culture.....


c) Structures the Romans built to provide their towns and cities with water…..
 
d) Long Roman road which connected Mérida and Astorga.....


e) Emperor of Rome from AD 117 to 138. ( AD =Anno Domini, after Christ, the usual year)...


f) Emperor of Rome from AD 98 to 117- 2 2 2






2.Write the correct adjective form for each of these proper nouns., e-g : Spain - spanish


 a) Rome:
b) Carthage:
c) Ancient Greece:
d) Phoenicia:
e) Lusitania:
f) Iberia:


 3 Write the modern-day names of these places. e.g. Gadir = Cádiz
a) Gadir: 


b) Malaka:

c) Rhode:


d) Empoion:


e) Saguntum:


f) Ebussus:


g) Emerita Augusta:


h) Carthago Nova:


i) Tarraco:


j) Toletum:


k) Olispo: 
 

SOCIAL SCIENCE

THE IMPORTANCE OF ROMAN  ROADS


Why did the Romans build straight roads?


     They built roads as straight as possible, in order to travel as quickly as they could.


     Winding roads took longer to get to the place you wanted to go and bandits and robbers could be hiding around bends.
The surface of a Roman road was shaped into a camber so that rain water would run off into the ditches. Roman roads were very quick and safe to travel large distances. The Roman soldiers were not the only people to use them. Merchants used them to carry goods all over the Roman Empire.





The Roman roads were notable for their straightness, solid foundations, cambered surfaces facilitating drainage, and use of concrete made from pozzolana (volcanic ash) and lime.
They were the key to Rome's military might  as the soldiers could move faster. The first major Roman road—the famed Appian Way, or “queen of the roads”—was constructed in 312 B.C. to serve as a supply route between republican Rome and its allies in Capua during the Second Samnite War. From then on, road systems often sprang from Roman conquest.
Almost all of the Roman roads are still in use today. To take this further, almost all the roads EVER built are in use today. They have been paved over where cars need to drive over them, or paved for pedestrians.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

This is the statue of Trajan, the first spanish emperor, from Sevilla (Spain). 



From 98 – 117 AD, Emperor Trajan had a significant impact on Rome’s landmass

including the eastern areas of Dacia, Arabia and Armenia.
By the time of his death, Rome’s empire was  larger than it had ever been before because Trajano was a good emperor and the territorial extension increased.


He also organized a substantial building program, with some landmarks : 

Trajan’s Forum, Trajan’s Market and Trajan’s Column.

Answers to Social science

SOCIAL SCIENCE : answers.


Write the verbs in past simple or continuous according to the context of the sentence


Julius Caesar governed Hispania  for two years (to govern)


and he went to Gaul later (to go).


While he (to change) was   changing roman society,





 he  got (to get) many enemies.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE VOCABULARY

To declare : to communicate  a situation to someone so he/she can act accordingly, e.g. to declare war

To poison : to give someone a harmful/dangerous substance to eat/ drink to kill that person , e.g. to poison the enemy king

To lead: to direct people for an action to get some specific results, e.g. to lead the conquest of Spain

To conquer: to fight  and win a war against the enemies so the winner takes the properties of the enemy, e.g. Romans conquered Hispania.
ATENTION: the conquest is the result of conquering: e.g. Hispania was a roman conquest because romans conquered Hispania👉it seems equal "conquer, conquest" BUT IT´S DIFFERENT.

Army: a very big group os soldiers to fight for a nation, e.g. the roman empire had a large army

To defeat: to win someone in the fight, e.g. Caesar defeaated many soldiers in different wars.

To assasinate: to kill someone with a specific plan to do it, e.g. Julius Caesar was assasinated.

Accordin to the words above, and wiht the past simple  or past continuous, fill in the text:

Julius Caesar ........................................Hispania  for two years (to govern) and he..........................

to Gaul later (to go). While he (to change) ..........   .................................... roman society,

 he ................(to get) many enemies.

Social science

Rome: from republic to empire




Ancient Rome had two major periods of history. The first was the Roman Republic which lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC. During this time there was no single leader of Rome. The government was run by elected officials (remember, children: a republic is the political system where votes are necessary to elect the most powerful/representative people in the country).
The Republic had Triumvirates or alliances among the main three consules . These three men essentially ruled Rome and one of the most important ones was Julius Caesar, who governed Hisipania  for some time and later he went back to Rome. You can see his story, children in your Social book, pg 76.


The second period was the Roman Empire which lasted from 27 BC to 476 AD (Western Roman Empire). During this time the government was led by an emperor but people didn´t elect the emperors.

Who made the laws?

The Romans had a complex system of government and laws. Many of the basic systems and ideas that we have about laws and government today comes from Ancient Rome.


Laws were made a number of different ways. The primary way of making official new laws was through the Roman Assemblies. Laws were voted on by citizens who were members of the assemblies. There were other ways, however, that laws were implemented including the Plebeian Council, decrees by the senate, decisions by elected officials (magistrates), and edicts by the emperor.

Many aspects of Roman law and the Roman Constitution are still used today. These include concepts like checks and balances, vetoes, separation of powers, term limits, and regular elections. Many of these concepts serve as the foundations of today's modern democratic governments.

 

Social science

Romans made not only great buildings. They brought the latin language, their numbers and their laws to defend property. Imagine, children: in that moment, latin language was as im portant as English is today!!

The roman alphabet is our alphabet today , not only for Spain, it is the alphabet for most countries in the world !

Social science

The Romans are known for their remarkable engineering feats,  they roads, bridges, tunnels, or their impressive aqueducts. Their constructions, many of them still standing, are a testament to their superior engineering skills .

They were worried for the supply of water because they knew that Spain is  a hot and dry country, so they built important aqueducts like this one  in Segovia, to provide water to the cities and populations.

 They had an excellent organization as we can see with the Alcántara bridge over the Tajo river which is the longest river in Spain!!

Stages of the roman conquest

You can see we are in Social science, children. This map shows the moments of the conquest of Spain and Lusitania(=Portugal) by the romans, that is: the Iberian Peninsula (= Spain+Portugal).

On the map we can observe how the Romans conquered more territories with each campaign and the different colours show the territories conquered until a specific year.

The first conquests until year 197 BC in green extended to the Mediterranean costs until the Gulf of Cadiz; these territories were occupied after the Scipions advance.

Then we have the conquest until year 154 BC in yellow where the borders expand West, after Viriatus’ resistance and Scipio campaigns the conquest of the Roman Empire until year 29 BC in pink expanded to almost all the Peninsula. But the Astures and the Cantabri were still untouched. By 19 BC in red, after some Roman campaigns   by Augustus,  the complete Peninsula was conquered.

Social Science

THE CONQUEST OF HISPANIA BY THE ROMANS

The Romans claimed to be liberators of the tribes under Carthagininan dominance, but once in Iberia, they soon realised the economic potential of the territory, and the principle of liberating the natives from their Carthaginian overlords was soon replaced by that of permanent residence.

The Romans met enormous resistance to conquer Spain, especially from the Celts of the north and north west, and the struggle for the peninsula lasted almost 200 years, significantly longer than  Julius Caesar to conquer (conquered in 10 years)France  or   Britain (conquered in 50 years).

Reasons of these paintings

Activities such as catching large fish and hunting large game animals with specialized tools connote increased group-wide cooperation and more elaborate social organization.

In addition to developing advanced cultural traits, humans also first began to take part in long-distance trade between groups for rare commodities (such as ochre (which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual and raw materials.

Evidence from archeology and comparative ethnography indicates that Middle Paleolithic people lived in small, egalitarian band societies, that is small groups similar to a family.

                                      
                                          Cave of Ramales de la Victoria, Cantabria,  España


That is the reason of their interset in animals! They hunted them to get food to eat, blood to paint and bones to make tools, together with the skin to have some clothes to wear...

Now think, children: if you paint something important in your life or in your existance, what would you paint??

Signals of an early civilization

This is a picture of somo deers in the cave of El Pendo, in Camargo, Cantabria. 
Looking at oall these pictures: what do you think they liked?
What culture do  you suppose they had? 

This horse was painted in the cave of Santimamiñe, Vizcaya.
This is called FIGURATIVE ART, THAT IS THE ART WITH IMAGES THAT YOU CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY ARE BECAUSE THEY PREPRESENT PARTS OF REALITY.

The emergence of figurative art has been interpreted as reflecting the emergence of full behavioral modernity, and is part of the defining characteristics separating the Upper Paleolithic from the Middle Paleolithic.
                                          

Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

               Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

                       

                               This picture is from La Covaciella cave, 
                               in Cabrales, Asturias.

This picture is from La Pasiega  Cave, in Puente Viesgo,

 Cantabria ("pasiega/o" comes from the river Pas, over there).

See, superheroes, perhaps this is simple for you and you think that it is not very special. But it is very important because of the moment they painted it: when they couldn´t read or write and alphabet didn´t exist...this was an advance towards civilization and communication in that Age!

Social :Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

Under the name Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain (Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del Norte de España) are grouped 18 caves of northern Spain, which together represent the apogee of Upper Paleolithic cave art in Europe between 35,000 and 11,000 years ago (Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Azilian). They have been collectively designated a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2008.

 This cave's artistic style represents the French-cantabrian school, characterized by the realism of its figural representation. Altamira Cave was declared a World Heritage Site in 1985.

 In 2008 the World Heritage Site was expanded to include 17 additional caves located in three autonomous regions of northern Spain: Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country.

Chief among these caves is Altamira, located within the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria. It remains one of the most important painting cycles of prehistory, originating in the Magdalenian and Solutrean periods of the Upper Paleolithic.

This cave's artistic style represents the Franco-cantabrian school, characterized by the realism of its figural representation. Altamira Cave was declared a World Heritage Site in 1985. In 2008 the World Heritage Site was expanded to include 17 additional caves located in three autonomous regions of northern Spain: Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country.